Environmental Studies
Study Material for UG Ist Sem AECC 2 Paper
OSMANIA UNIVERSITY
U.G. I year
Semester-I -(B.Sc/B.A./B.Com)CBCS
Environmental Studies
AECC-2 (2
hrs./week) Credits–2
(30 hours)
UNIT-I : Ecosystem, Biodiversity &Natural Resources (
15 hrs. )
1.
Definition,
Scope &Importance of Environmental
Studies.
2.
StructureofEcosystem–Abiotic&BioticcomponentsProducers,Consumers,Decomposers,
Food chains, Food webs, Ecological pyramids)
3.
FunctionofanEcosystem:EnergyflowintheEcosystem(Singlechannelenergyflowmodel
)
4.
DefinitionofBiodiversity,Genetic,Species&Ecosystemdiversity,Hot-spotsofBiodiversity,
Threats to Biodiversity , Conservation of Biodiversity (Insitu & Exsitu )
5.
Renewable&Non–enewableresources,BriefaccountofForest,Mineral&Energy
(Solar Energy & Geothermal Energy) resources
6. Water Conservation, Rainwater harvesting
&Watershed management.
UNIT–II: Environmental Pollution, Global Issues &Legislation (15hrs.)
1.
Causes,
Effects &Control measures of Air Pollution, Water Pollution
2.
Solid
Waste Management
3.
Global
Warming &Ozone layer depletion.
4.
Ill
–effects of Fire-works
5.
Disaster
management–floods, earthquakes& cyclones
6.
Environmental
legislation:-
(a)Wildlife Protection Act(b) Forest Act(c)Water Act(d)Air
Act
7.
Human
Rights
8.
Women
and Child welfare
9.
Role
of Information technology in environment and human health
v Field Study: (5 hours)
·
Pond Ecosystem
·
Forest Ecosystem
REFERENCES:
·
EnvironmentalStudies-fromcrisistocure–byR.Rajagopalan(Thirdedition)Oxford
University Press.
·
TextbookofEnvironmentalStudiesforundergraduatecourses(secondedition)byErach
Bharucha
·
AtextbookofEnvironmentalStudiesbyDr.D.K.AsthanaandDr.MeeraAsthana
U.G. Iyear Semester –I- (B.Sc/B.A./B.Com)CBCS
AECC-2 Environmental Studies Credits–2
THEORY MODELPAPER
TIME:11/2HOURS
MAX MARKS: 15
SECTION-A
Answer
the following in short: 3x1=3marks
1. Food chains
2. Genetic Diversity
3. Ill –effects of Fire-works
SECTION-B
Answer
the following essays: 2x6=12marks
1 (a)DefineEnvironmentalStudies&writeanessayonscope&importanceofEnvironmentalStudies
OR
(b) Write in detail about Energy resources.
2 (a)Write the Causes, Effects &
Control measures of Air Pollution
OR
(b) DescribetheroleofInformationtechnologyinenvironmentandhumanhealth
Environmental Studies
Study Material for UG Ist Sem AECC 2
Paper
Environmental studies Definition,
Scope and Importance
The collective name of all
living and non-living plants and animals around us and their surroundings is
the environment. This includes humans, animals, plants, air, water, soil, etc.
It is the natural environment in which man plays a positive role in the growth
and development of the universe by living in harmony and unity with all the
elements of his environment. This is the Eco-System. ). It consists of living
and non-living elements. Environmental study is called Ecological Study in
English. The word Ecology comes from the Greek language. Which means the study
of habitat. By Supreme Court of India,
environmental studies have been declared an essential part of the education
curriculum. The environment must be favorable for the survival of life. The
environment is closely related to human life. Humans influence the environment
through their actions. This universe is running under a large natural system.
Man is the most important living being in this universe. However, it is also
true that man is reducing the proper use of natural resources and natural
elements. And messing up the ecosystem with its wrong actions. As a result of
which, the balance of the environment deteriorates and calamities such as
flood, storm, famine and extreme heat harm the human being. For this reason, it
is mandatory for humans to carry out environmentally friendly activities so
that humans can live in a natural environment on this planet. The environment
around us is light, air, water and heat, which is made up of elements. Some
parts of the environment that serve as land and water resources. While heat and
light etc regulate the environment. All these elements are connected with each
other. The details of different elements of environment are as follows.
Environment includes all kinds of
problems related to human life and its daily activities. The Problems of
overpopulation, industrial activities, environmental accidents and other environmental
problems affect humans. The elements of the environment such as air, earth,
water, sun, ocean, etc. are all related to human life, so these elements are
called (Biosphere).
Important Concepts of the Atmosphere: Our Earth is surrounded
by an atmosphere called the atmosphere. Many factors influence it. Among them,
there is a physical component, which includes: soil, air, and water. these
factors also affect the environment. Environment includes all the conditions and
factors that affect the life of living beings. These factors can be both biotic
and abiotic. All these factors can be divided into two major parts. (A)
Indirect factors (Indirect factors) These include light, temperature, air
humidity, soil quality, etc.
Light: - Light is also an important part of
our environment. And need. Plants make their food in sunlight. Apart from
humans, many other organisms and plants get heat from sunlight. And light has
many functions.
Temperature: - Humans, plants and animals
can survive only at a certain temperature. The temperature on earth is
maintained by sunlight. On earth, if the temperature in an area becomes low or
high, then in search of a favorable temperature for themselves, humans and
animals migrates to other places. And they provide a favorable environment for
themselves. Man makes outward arrangements of cold and heat and heat and cold.
And tries to make life peaceful. Sun is the main source of heat. And its heat
is essential for all life on Earth.
Water:- Water is an important part of life.
Life is not possible without water. Water is preserved in the form of ice on
the tops of mountains, oceans, rivers and streams and in the form of
underground reserves. The population is higher in the areas where there is an abundance
of drinking water is available.
Air:- Air is a mixture of different gases.
And is an important part of life. Weather conditions can be understood through
wind. Wind carries water-filled clouds from one location to another. It carries away the seeds from the fruits. Air
contains essential nutrients for human and animal life. Vegetation also depends
on wind.
Humidity: - The presence of water
vapour in the atmosphere is called humidity. Weather changes depend on
humidity.
Metallic Elements: - Living inorganic elements
require several metallic elements like iron, steel, mercury, etc. for growth
and development. Deficiency or excess of these metallic elements is harmful to
living organisms.
(b) Direct factors which include soil
structure, soil components, elevation, weather conditions, etc. Natural
factors include rainfall, altitude, mountain ranges, etc. But there is no
human intervention. The environment includes all these harmful and harmful
factors.
Environment is of two types. One
natural environment and another man-made artificial environment. The natural
environment includes all animals and plants, their growth and development is
also the duty of man. Both are part of living life. Sunlight, air, water, soil.
Mountains, rivers, etc. are all elements of the natural environment. Which have
an effect on humans and animals. To maintain this balance. It is said that
one-third of the earth should be covered with thick vegetation. Due to the
indiscriminate cutting of forests, the population of plants and animals is
decreasing. Lack of clean water affects aquatic life and human life. Lack of
vegetation reduces the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Which causes
health problems.
In synthetic environmental components. Man's own effort is involved. Living
organisms affect the environment. The answer is that the environment affects
them. Since the development of science, man has started to affect the
environment a lot. Man is interfering unnecessarily with the environment. In
the name of making his life comfortable, man is making changes against the
environment. In the beginning, man used to live in the forests and in the caves
of the mountains. Later, he started to build houses and live there. And the
concrete jungle is being carved out in the form of high-rise buildings.
Deforestation has made habitat for wild animals difficult. Many species of
animals are becoming extinct. Ever since man started manufacturing. Waste
materials from these industries and factories are polluting the rivers, ponds
and ground water. Heavy smoke coming out of factory chimneys is polluting the
air.
Since the last century, man has made
a lot of progress in the industrial sector. But it has also caused serious
damage to its environment. Big industries, new means of transportation,
excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides are polluting the environment.
Birds are dying by eating these dead parts. And the survival of bird species
will be threatened. It is important to make people aware to save our
environment from further degradation. It is important to create a sense of
human responsibility to protect the environment. It is not necessary to inform
people about the principles of the environment and nature. The existence of
humans, animals and plants is necessary for each other. Man should not do
anything for his own benefit that harms plants and the environment. No harm
done. Humans should be made to realize how the environment is affected by their
actions. How does a small scale work affects the entire environment. By
studying ecology, humans can maintain balance and natural order in the
environment.
Biotic and non-biotic components of
an ecosystem
Ecosystem- biotic and abiotic
components.
An ecosystem consists of biotic
living and abiotic non living elements. Because they are indispensable for each
other's survival and development. (i) Organic components include living
organisms. Animals and plants These organisms provide food and energy to each
other for their survival. For example, plants obtain their food from inorganic
raw materials. These plants produce their own food with the combined help of
solar energy and spring water. They do not take the help of others to produce
their food. That is why they are called autotrophs. Apart from plants, other
living organisms such as animals and humans cannot obtain their food by
themselves, but directly or indirectly, they depend on plants for our food. For
this reason living organisms are called heterotrophs or consumers. They can
also be divided into different types based on their food intake. They are
called herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. The herbivorous groups include
insects, humans, monkeys, cows, buffaloes, sheep, goats, camels, and camels.
They are called primary consumers. Carnivorous animals include lions, vultures,
cheetahs, dogs, etc. They obtain meat from primary consumers by hunting or from
other sources. They are called secondary consumers. Omnivorous animals include
humans, birds, beasts, bears, etc. They make their diet both vegetable and
meat. Some very small bacteria and fungi get their food from dead animals. By
obtaining energy in this way, the non-essential elements of dead bodies such as
carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc. are mixed with the earth's soil and these
things are used as fertilizer or food for plants. These are called decomposers
or decomposers.
Food Chain
Decomposing bacteria break down dead
plants and dead organisms. The manure that is formed by this process works as a
fertilizer for the plants. In this way plants also develop from animals. Plants
that produce fruits, vegetables, etc. are used by animals as food. Thus animals
and plants depend on each other for food. This is called food chain. Plants
collect energy from the sun in the form of fruits, vegetables and food.
Herbivores get their food from these plants. Carnivores make these herbivores
their prey. As in the case of buffalo, goats, deer, and deer, they maintain
their bodies by eating vegetables, and carnivorous vultures, vultures, and
vultures get their food by making these herbivores their prey. Decomposing
bacteria make the soil fertile by decomposing decayed plants and dead animals.
From which the dead plants then get their food and energy, thus it becomes a
food chain which is called (Food Chain). And this process continues continuously
and it keeps life on the earth.
Food Web
Animals and humans use
different types of food. Sometimes, organisms choose several ways to meet their
food needs. For example, birds, rabbits and insects use plants and insects as
their food. Lizards make flies and beetles their food. Snakes, cats and rats
eat rodents and rodents, so one animal or plant becomes food for more than one
organism. Thus, each organism in the environment (Biotic) has more than one
food chain. For this reason, the ecosystem can become a member of more than one
food web. Which intersect each other. In this way, food webs form a food web.
The basic reason for forming a food web is that An organism uses more than one
food source. In grasslands, lizards are eaten by eagles and snakes. Herbivorous
lizards are also eaten by lizards. Chameleons also form a web of food webs.
Forest resources and their
conservation
A large area of land is covered with
vegetation that grows naturally. And the wild animals that live among them.
This environment is called forest. Man does not make any conscious effort to
sing in the forest. One-third of the surface area is forested. Existence of
forest is very important for human life. Because forests are an important
source of natural resources. If steps are taken to protect and maintain
forests, the benefits of forest resources can continue. The important natural
resources that humans get from the forest are thus hung.
Wood: Man gets different types of
wood from forest. Most of the forest wood is used for burning as fuel. Man
burns 80% of forest wood to cook his food. Thus, there is a great demand for
forest wood as a fuel. Six and thirty types of teak wood are used for house
construction, furniture and other necessities. Paper is made from Bombo wood
and various kinds of baskets etc. are made. Kani wood is used to make frames,
props and other similar materials. Therefore, man should not destroy the forest
to easily obtain wood for his various needs and should take measures to protect
it.
Sesame: Many types of essential
sesamum and other substances are obtained from forest vegetation. Sandal wood,
rubber material, facial beautifying powder, herbs, medicines, spices,
disinfectants, plastics, etc. are obtained from the forest. For the sake of
getting these benefits, man should protect the forest.
Food: Forests provide food to animals
and humans directly or indirectly. Wild animals get their food from the forest
by foraging and hunting other animals. Man obtains meat and milk from animals.
Milk contains many nutrients. Honey is obtained from the forest. People live in
forests. The forest plays an important role in improving their life and
livelihood. From the forest they get food, medicine, house building materials
and other essential items.
Other Benefits of Forests: An important
benefit of forests is that they help prevent soil erosion. Due to strong winds
and rain, the dry soil is cut. And parts of the region are drowned in the sea.
If there are forests on the ground, then the trees provide strength to the
ground. It is protected from erosion. Zaminq could not dry under the shade of
trees. And it retains moisture. Which keeps the forest green. Moisture in the
air is maintained by soil moisture. And the weather would not have been too
hot. Which brings peace to the life of humans and animals. Forests absorb
carbon dioxide gas released by humans. And in response we release clean oxygen
gas which is essential for human life. Thus the existence of forests reduces
environmental pollution. The survival of wild animals is possible due to
existence of forest. Otherwise, there is a fear of the extinction of many wild
animal species. Therefore, forest protection measures are necessary.
Disadvantages of Deforestation:
Humans are extensively cutting forests for their shelter and for obtaining
firewood. While cutting a tree, man is hitting his own feathers with an ax.
There are great threats to the survival of wild animals and human health. Some
of the disadvantages of deforestation are as follows: Deforestation increases
the risk of soil erosion. Due to strong winds and rain, the soil starts to
erode. And fertile time flows away. Deforestation is causing problems in
obtaining natural resources. Due to shortage of timber and fuel wood, its value
is increasing. The demand for fuel wood is increasing in the future. The demand
for medicines and other essential items is increasing. Due to its rapid flow,
the flood water erodes the ground and carries away a large amount of silt and
sand. This real water gets collected from the dams. Due to the presence of
sand, water is less stored in the dams. Thus, the dams built at great expense
for electricity generation and other agricultural purposes lose their purpose
due to holding less water and more sand. Nizam Sagar Dam in Telangana has
accumulated more river. And less water is accumulating there. Deforestation
leads to climate change. Average rainfall decreases. If the habitat of wild
animals is not maintained, their life becomes endangered. Forests start turning
into deserts. Famine begins. Fertile land becomes barren. Pollution increases.
Because the lack of trees increases the amount of carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere and decreases oxygen. Today, air pollution has increased in the
cities due to which urban people have started to become more and more
concerned.
Measures to protect forests: The
responsibility of protecting forests and their survival lies with humans. For
this there is a need for planned actions at the government and public level.
Forests are usually destroyed by forest fires, large-scale felling of trees and
killing of animals. Therefore, the existing forests should be protected. And in
the degraded forests there should be a drive to plant saplings. People should
emphasize the use of bio gas or solar powered solar stoves instead of mink wood
for fuel. As many trees as are cut should be planted. Government and people
should stop illegal cutting of trees. Violators of the law should be severely
punished. Sundar Lal Bahuguna started the Chapko movement in Garhwal UP for
forest conservation, such forest conservation movements should be started.
Environment will be controlled by protection of forests. And human life will be
saved from many problems.
AIR POLLUTION
When harmful substances and gases are
added to the air around us, it is called air pollution. Clean air is an
essential element for life. A person inhales an average of 16 to 20 kg of air
every day. If he is breathing polluted air, estimate how vulnerable he is. If
other gases are added to the air, the ratio of natural oxygenation in the air
will decrease. Solid particles, smoke, soil particles are added to the air.
There is a greater risk of air pollution in big and industrial cities. The
smoke from the burning of dry charcoal and the smoke from the power generating
thermal stations and nuclear stations etc. are adding to the atmosphere and
increasing the pollution. The smoke creates a fog. And less visible in cities.
Air pollution affects not only humans but also animals and other plants. By
nature, air pollution is caused by the addition of dust, fumes, dust, solid
particles, which are harmful to health, into clean air. The noxious gas is
carbon monoxide. Which is added from vehicle and factory fumes. Its excess in
the air affects the human heart, lungs and nervous system. A gas is based on
sulfur compounds. It comes from decaying plants, volcanic eruptions and thermal
plants. Excess sulfur dioxide in the air causes breathing problems. Headache
and burning in the eyes causes Padma. These gases combine with water vapor to
produce rain. Which causes damage to plants, buildings and people. Other
harmful gases are nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, and cigarette smoke. Tobacco
smoke affects the smoker more than the smoker. This poses a risk of
contamination. Air pollution is also caused by particulate matter. Cement
particles are released and added to the air. which enters the human body
through inhalation. Entering gasps. And affect human health.
Effects of Air Pollution on the
Environment: Deforestation and burning of large amounts of wood are disrupting
the balance of pollutants in the atmosphere. The amount of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere has increased 15 times over the last hundred years. Due to which
the temperature is increasing every year. And the effects of this increase on
the environment are called "Green House Effect". When the sunlight
comes towards the Earth, the ozone layer above the atmosphere is emitted by the
sunlight. Reduces the intensity of heat by absorbing Ultra Violet Rays and
moderate sun rays falling on the earth.Reduces ozone layer from excess carbon
dioxide and greenhouse gases used in refrigerators and ACs. Holes are opening,
and due to this, the temperature of the Earth is increasing dangerously, which
threatens that the ice on the North and South Poles will begin to melt in large
quantities, which will raise the level of the seas. And small islands and the
coastal areas of Zamnar will be submerged. Ultraviolet rays have harmful effects.
More and more plants should be planted to control the quantity.
Effects of air pollution on humans
and animals: Air pollution affects human health. Respiratory diseases increase.
Cough is a symptom of tuberculosis. Blood flow is affected. in the body Oxygen
supply is affected. Air pollution also affects plants. Digestion of food is
affected in them. The plants begin to wither.
Measures to prevent air pollution:-
It is difficult to completely remove air pollution in present times. However,
air pollution can be controlled by taking several measures. Proper legislation
and strict enforcement can bind people. Use devices that absorb harmful gases.
Chimneys of factories should be raised. So that the harmful dust can fly away
from the air and not harm humans. Harmful materials should be made usable. Fuel
consumption should be controlled. Do not drive unnecessary vehicles. The sale
of vehicles beyond the limit should be banned. The use of old vehicles should
be banned because these vehicles emit more smoke and increase air pollution.
Permission should be obtained from environmental experts before setting up
factories. Factories should be established far away from the population.
Population should be prevented from settling near the factories. Diesel-powered
railway vehicles should be operated with electricity. The use of leaded petrol
should be stopped. Any energy that does not emit smoke should be used, such as
solar energy, new color energy, wave energy, etc. Instead of burning wood or
dung, LPG gas should be used for cooking. More and more trees should be planted
around it. If these measures are implemented, air pollution can be controlled
to a great extent. A person should take care of his own health, otherwise there
will be no benefit in regretting after the loss.
WATER POLLUTION
If harmful and harmful components are
added to the water, then such water is called polluted water. And adding
pollution to water is not called water pollution. Clean water becomes
contaminated by the addition of waste materials from sewage and industrial wastes
and sludge. Contaminated water is harmful to human health. The sewage from the
houses is eventually discharged into the river through large drains and ponds.
If such impurities are not prevented from entering the water body, the water
becomes polluted water. Contaminated water is unfit for human consumption. Such
contaminated water contains harmful substances. Contaminated water is also
harmful to animals. The waste water absorbs the oxygen contained in the water
or the oxygen in the water. And this water was not suitable for animal feed.
Drainage water sometimes mixes with clean water pipes. This poses a threat to
human health. And inflammation of the intestines becomes common with diarrhea.
So it not only pollutes the water. Rather, even the fish in the ponds die, due
to which the water becomes foul-smelling. And people living near this bad smell
have difficulty breathing. Absorption also renders groundwater unusable. The
dirty and polluted water coming out from the factories in Patan Charo and Mauza
Dagwal near Zaharaqabad in Madshak district of Telangana has made the
underground water unusable. Now this water has been useless for many years.
Contaminated water cannot be used for industrial purposes. The acid and salt
added to this water corrode and rust the machines. Fertilizers and pesticides
used in agriculture mix with rainwater and pollute the ponds. Thus, fertilizers
and pesticides are also part of increasing water pollution. If the sea-going
ships carrying sesame are sunk or if the sesame wells near the beach catch fire
or are blown up, the sesame will rise to the surface of the water. And thus the
water of a large area becomes polluted. And the marine life is harmed. The
environment of the area becomes dirty. During the Kuwait-Iraq War, the bombing
and setting of oil wells caused much oil to float to the surface. Due to which
the sea animals and the environment had suffered a lot.
Measures to prevent water pollution:
The following measures should be taken to prevent water pollution. Discharge of
waste water should be done in a proper manner. Avoid misuse of water. Wash
clothes, bathe animals and wash vehicles in ponds. Waste water from factories
should be cleaned and prevented from entering ponds and rivers. Septic tanks,
filter beds and sewage treatment plants etc. are used to prevent dirty and
polluted water from flowing into ponds and rivers and to separate the solid
particles present in them. Panyu water should be filtered and appropriate drugs
such as chlorine and potassium permanganate should be used. The water coming
out of factories should be cleaned by water treatment plants. In case of
pollution of seas, methods of cleaning of the oil have also been invented. They
should be used.
Many rivers and streams passing
through industrial areas in India suffer from water pollution. Jamuna river
passing through Delhi, Hooghly river passing through Calcutta, Ganga river
passing near Kanpur and Damodar-Kaveri and Godavari rivers are polluted due to
the mixing of waste water from factories. Among them, the Ganges River is the
most polluted Kashkar River in India. During its 2525 km long journey, it has
been getting a lot of dirt from the industries of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West
Bengal, water from dirty drains, cremation ashes, dead animals and Hindu pilgrims.
And the holy Ganga is being polluted by the black deeds of man. To save the
Ganga from pollution, the Government of India launched the Ganga Action Plan
1985. In this way, every human being should try to maintain human health and
keep the environment clean. And man should not do any wrong thing that pollutes
the water. The government should also oblige factories and industries to
control pollution. Only then future generations will be able to get clean water
free from pollution.
Renewable energy sources
RENEWABLE RESOURCES OF ENERGY
Energy problems are emerging with the
development of Danan. And the whole day is devoted to trying to somehow solve
his energy problem. Food, petrol, electricity, fuel and other sources provide
energy for man and his missions. Without energy, there would be no work, and if
there was no work, there would be no development of the country. Therefore, the
countries of the whole world, including Japan and the United States, are trying
to solve their energy problems so that their countries can develop. And how can
we use them better?
Energy: The source of power to do
work is called energy. The sun is the greatest source of energy. Such resources
which we find in nature without limit and which can be used again and again are
called renewable energy resources. These resources are as follows. 1. Solar
energy. 2. Wind energy. 3. Water energy
4) Tidal energy 5) Sea-mill energy 6)
Geothermal energy 7) Biomass energy 8) Bio-Gauss energy
Solar Energy:- The sun is the largest
source of energy. Constant heat in the form of sunlight is sent to the zeminar.
Solar energy is free and easily available in nature. Humans have been using
solar energy for drying clothes and washing clothes. Solar energy is free from
pollution and is a rare source of energy, which is being used in view of the
shortage of petrol, wood and coal, to harness the sun's energy for the benefit
of human life. Bulbs and bulbs have been invented. The availability of these
supplements is high and their use depends on the season. These items can be
used in summer in India. Artificial spacecrafts in space are also powered by
solar energy. The use of solar energy is likely to increase in the future.
Wind Energy:- When the wind blows, it
becomes powerful and has the ability to uproot vegetation in its path.
Therefore, fans are installed on the top of the mountain, on the seashore or in
areas where the wind blows. By the movement of these fans, the magnet is
generated like an electric current. India's largest air farm is located at Kanaya
Kumari Manj. Where there is 380 MW electricity. Wind energy is cost-effective
and pollution-free to produce. However, wind energy also depends on the
weather. If the wind is blowing, the electric field is blowing.
Tidal Energy:- There is infinite energy
hidden in the waves rising in the ocean due to the gravitational pull of the
sun and the moon. Tidal dams are constructed to capture tidal energy. High wave
water is collected in these dams and when the water is forced into the dam, the
turbines installed there start rotating. Which causes electricity. The jet
process is repeated as the water recedes. High waves are needed for tidal
energy. India has arrangements for harnessing tidal energy from the deltas of
the Khilji Cambay, Sundarbans.
Bio-Gas Energy:- Bio-gas is produced
from animal dung, forestry and agricultural waste. This gas consists of
methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide. Waste and garbage are
collected in a closed plant, then due to the absence of oxygen, the bacteria that
develop starts to eat the waste. And empty space is a gas with negative energy.
This gas is cheap and easily produced. It can be used in cooking and other
tasks. It does not cause pollution and is commonly called dung gas.
Electricity/Energy generated from
water:- River water is blocked by making big dams. When the water is released
from a height, it falls through the gates of the dam during the flow and its
force turns the blades of the turbine. It is an easy and cheap way to produce
electricity. Which would have prevented any air pollution. Srisalem Dam is only
electrified, while Nagar Janasagar Dam is a multi-purpose project and also has
an electrified dam.
In this way, nature has provided
these energy resources to man for free. Now it is up to man how he can improve
his life by using them in a better way.
Energy problem: Energy has become the
main need of man in the present age. Energy is necessary for transportation,
factories, agriculture, communication and defense, etc. Energy is needed for
the social and economic development of society. Electricity is mandatory for
all big buildings, shops, markets and factories. Generators are being used to
run businesses in urban areas if there is no proper electricity supply and the
electricity supply is interrupted. Which is increasing the pollution. An
electric motor is required to drive the water. If there is no electricity,
people may face the problem of water supply of cheese. Therefore, there is a
need for careful use of energy. There is a need for continuous supply of
electricity to run the electrical appliances considered essential for urban
life, such as refrigerators, gas cookers, fans, coolers, washing machines,
grinders, heaters, etc. In urban life, life becomes problematic due to lack of
electricity. Therefore, people should do their own work by using electricity
carefully instead of relying on missions. It also keeps good health.
Water Conservation: Water is
essential for life. Earlier, it was believed that fresh and clean water was
easily available on land. Now the entire Danar is or may be suffering from a
shortage of fresh water. In Africa and the West. Water crisis may be more.
Because the population is more here. And the rain is balanced. In a report of
the United Nations, it is said that the plan which is causing the shortage of
clean water in the next year. In a few years, two-thirds of the population of
Dana will suffer from water shortage. During the summer season, the underground
water level will decrease. And the problem of water shortage will arise. For
this, water conservation measures become indispensable.
Rainwater Conservation: Our society
does not pay attention to the conservation of water. And in the summer there is
a lot of noise about the scarcity of water. While in the rainy season, the rain
water flows through the streams and rivers and falls into the sea. Rainwater is
not being absorbed into the ground due to cement houses and cement paved roads.
Therefore, the rain water that falls on the roofs of the houses is drained
through pipes and left in the special pits made near the house. In these pits,
bricks, coal, gravel, stones etc. are put. By making such pits, the rainwater
in the urban areas is better absorbed and the water table in the area is
improved. By collecting water in this way, even during the rains, the slabs do
not come.
Effects of embankment construction:
In India, large embankments were constructed for electricity transmission and
agricultural purposes. Urban people are benefiting from these bonds. The people
of Lucknow are becoming homeless. Sundar Lal Bahu Gana, Madheha Patkar and
Gharta launched public movements to provide them with proper accommodation. So
that the homeless people affected by the construction of the embankment can be
resettled. Man has a moral responsibility to protect the environment. Man
should understand that he is a part of nature and not that nature is under his
control. He should not play with the environment to achieve his interests. The
problems of others should be considered. Individually and collectively, humans
should take practical steps to protect their environment. This is the good of
all humanity.
How to increase the level of
underground water?
Every year April and May in South
India and May June in North India are summer solstice. And the demand for water
increases in this season. But the supply dwindles. The main topic of
conversation among people in cities is where the water is coming from your
borewell. And the answer of most of the people is that our borewell will dry
up. Sumps have been built and they are asking for water from the tinker. And
advance booking has to be done for Tinker too. The tinkerers are also putting
big bore wells in the low-lying areas and extracting water day and night. There
are no ponds or wells far from the city. It rains every year during the rainy
season. And falls outside the city through the roads and drains. And due to the
non-permeability of underground water, the water level is decreasing every
year. And there is no water to the depth of five hundred thousand feet. People
are buying water at the expense of wealth. The government is trying to supply
water from far away from taps and tunkirs but there is no conscious effort to
permanently solve the water problem. Ayer said that we can save the free
available water for a whole year.
Water is life, an element that has
given a unique place to all living things in the universe. After air and soil,
water is the basic necessity of human life and it is necessary for the human
body to carry out the digestive system, to become a part of the food, to
excrete toxic substances, to breathe, to maintain the body temperature, to
strengthen the human organs and Giving freedom to those who perform their
duties. Our Earth consists of 17 percent of water and 92 percent of land, while
79 percent of this water is salt water found in the oceans and 2 percent is in
the form of ice at the poles. In other words, it can be said that only one
percent of the water on the planet is available for drinking water and
irrigation purposes. Even in this one percent, the form of snow on the ice
peaks, the form of rivers, ponds and reservoirs is sweet. There is water.
Which is not available in every area
throughout the year. That's why people depend on underground water. Which is
often salty in condition. And it comes only for use and use. It has to be
filtered for irrigation. As this water is available underground in most areas
and can be taken out with the help of borewells, it is being used on a large
scale for domestic and agricultural needs. At a certain depth below the ground
surface, water flows through the veins of the human body through the
infiltration of rainwater into the interstices and porous parts of the ground,
and through the underground channels of rivers and ponds. And collects. Drainage
of water from the boreal and drying up of water reservoirs in low-lying areas
leads to depletion of underground water. Gaps in the rocks and soil are formed.
And the fear of landslides and earthquakes increases. That is why. The drying
up of the ground water table is an alarming alarm. Which needs to be addressed
as an emergency.
Just as mankind has always needed
water, the life of animals and plants is also dependent on water. In most parts
of India, the heavy rainfall system is very helpful in the flow of rivers, but
instead of saving this water, we waste it in the form of slabs that fall into
the Arabian Sea every year. In urban areas, after heavy rainfall, this water
becomes a heavy load on the river system and causes problems, while in rural areas,
it stands on low-lying reservoirs and continues to affect its fertility until
it evaporates. Do not fly. It is important to note that almost all areas of our
urban areas are covered with roads, houses, industries and various
constructions. Cities have become concrete jungles. Where the falling rain
water does not reach underground. In such a case, if we divert the contaminated
water that rains on the roofs from Kamagabi to the underground, then not only
the underground water storage can be increased, but due to the reduced load on
the irrigation system, the water-damaged buildings can be reduced. Remedial
measures can also be cut. We can use pipes to convey the rainwater falling on
the roof to the underground reservoir. For this purpose, the water collected on
the open roof should be conveyed to a specific pit made in the courtyard of the
house through only one pipe. in which Coal rocks are porous so that water can
easily be absorbed into the soil. And the rain water flowed from the sewerage
so that it does not go outside the city and cause an increase in the
underground water level of its own area. In this process, the upper part of the
open pipe was wrapped with a cloth filter to protect it from fine particles of
sand. Can go, which will not clog the pipes. In this way, the infiltration of
ground water can be increased to a great extent locally. Just as parks are
being built in urban areas, there is a need to build small ponds as well. This
requires planning during training. In Hadarabad, on the way to Gachibowli and
in the areas of Maypur, there are such small streams. This improves the
permeability of the ground water in these areas. The same is the situation
around Maranalam pond. These are some steps to increase the groundwater level.
To implement this program, there is a need for public awareness and strict
measures from the government. The Andhra Pradesh government had drawn attention
to this, but later this program could not be implemented. And this year in
summer, the water table is below ground level. In view of the shortfall, the
irrigation department and other departments of the government need to pay
attention.
India had 12 million boreal till
2006. The number of which has now more than doubled. The International Water
Management Organization is working with the Indian authorities to implement a
groundwater recharge program in India. This issue has been investigated. 18,000
crores were spent to implement the water recharge program in hard rock and 65
percent fertile areas. Under this program, wide wells were dug in low-lying
areas and concrete embankments were made on it so that the rainwater collected
in these pits. time Absorption. The following methods can be adopted on a wide
range of areas around rivers to avoid flood water disasters. In this way, we
can avoid these rural disasters due to lack of water in the future and we can
also save water. APJ Abdul Kalam, the former president of India and a famous
scientist, proposed the project of connecting the rivers. But after dealing
with the scams of looting our governments, where is the free time that they can
follow any scheme of public welfare? From India, the resources created by the
British and from Andhra Pradesh are limited to the resources of the Nizam
regime. And even after 65 years of independence, no scheme for irrigation and
easy access of clean fresh water to the people could be implemented. While the
United States said that the future world wars will be for the occupation of
clean fresh water areas. Ever since man has started interfering with the laws
of nature, he has been using his own ax. Cities are being built by cutting
forests. In urban and rural areas of Lucknow, the focus is on planting trees,
while trees help in maintaining the humidity of the soil, controlling the
temperature of the environment and providing clean oxygen. Due to lack of trees
in cities, urban temperatures are increasing every year.
Therefore, the citizens should pledge
that where they are constructing multi-storied buildings. And we are installing
fire setter 1 devices in these buildings. Build your own in-house rainwater
infiltration pits to conserve groundwater for millions of units in
multi-storied buildings. Planting trees to provide clean oxygen. This will also
keep the temperature low. And the overall environment will remain natural. A
person gets the knowledge of geography, but he does not benefit from the
knowledge himself. There is also a need to get the real fruits of such
knowledge.
The availability of water and the
development of resources here are becoming critical, while the recent intensity
of rains by nature has some subtleties, which need to be understood, as the
situation may be completely reversed in the future. It may be that there will
be no rain for months or years in the coming years, in which case we will have
to live entirely on groundwater. Future tomorrow. Our provincial and central
governments have to focus on raising the groundwater level to an adequate level
by adopting appropriate strategies. For this purpose, the government should
provide the people with various options for groundwater infiltration to deal
with future water related concerns.
Solid Waste Management (SWM)
Management of solid waste
Solid Waste Management (SWM) Solid waste management includes waste
generation, storage, collection, transportation, processing and final disposal.
India is the second largest country in the Danubian, with a population of 1.21
billion (2011 census), which constitutes about 18 percent of the human
population of the Danubian, but does not have sufficient resources or adequate
solid waste disposal systems. Its urban population has grown at a rate of 31.8
percent over the past decade to 377 million, which is more than the entire
population of the United States. There is a stark contrast. Solid waste
management is one service where India has a huge gap to fill. There is no
adequate municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal system to deal with the growing
volume of waste. Improper management of solid waste deteriorates public health,
causes environmental pollution, depletes natural resources, causes climate
change and greatly affects the quality of life of citizens. Therefore, this
research has attempted to analyze the rates of municipal solid waste (MSW)
generation in various urban centers of India and the impact of economic growth
and changing lifestyles on the composition and generation of MSW in India. An
attempt has been made to study
Waste or garbage is an inevitable
part of human activities. Solid waste is any unwanted or discarded material
thrown out in solid form by collective activity. Solid waste management is one
of the major environmental problems of both developed and underdeveloped
countries. India's rapid industrialization and population explosion led to the
migration of people from villages to cities, generating thousands of tons of
MSW (municipal solid waste). With increasing urbanization and changing
lifestyles, Indian cities now generate eight times more MSW than in 1947.
Today's citizens of India are living
in an era of unprecedented economic growth, rising aspirations and rapidly
changing lifestyles, which will increase expectations on public health and
quality of life. The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased
from 0.44 kg/day in 2001 to 0.5 kg/day in 2011, driven by changing lifestyles
and increasing purchasing power of urban Indians. As a result of urban
population growth and per capita waste generation, waste generation in Indian
cities has increased by 50 percent in just a decade since 2001. India has 53
cities with a population of more than one million, which together produce
86,000 TDP (31.5). million tons of MSW per day at a per capita waste generation
rate of 500 grams per day). The total MSW generated in urban India is estimated
at 68.8 million tons per year (TPY) or 188,500 tons per day (TPD) of MSW. Such
a dramatic increase in waste generation within a decade has overwhelmed all available
natural, built-up infrastructure. and has put pressure on budgetary resources.
Large cities collect about 70-90 percent of MSW generated. Smaller cities and
towns collect less than 50 percent. 91 percent of officially collected MSW.
More than 200,000 are dumped on open lands and landfills. It is estimated that
about 2 percent of uncollected solid waste is burned openly on roads. About 10
percent of collected MSW is burned openly or landfilled. Phil's fire gets stuck
in my mouth.
Solid Waste Management (SWM):
A solid waste management (SWM) system
includes 9 waste generation, storage, collection, transportation, processing
and final disposal. This study will focus on the problems of landfilling of MSW
in India. High-value agricultural and manufactured products are disposed of as
waste. Once materials are discarded as waste, they need to be collected. Waste
collection is central to all parts of the city and all types of waste generated
by a household or institution are collected as mixed waste. Solid Waste Management
(SWM) is a basic public need and this service is provided by the respective
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) across India. SWM begins with the collection of solid
wastes and ends with their disposal and/or beneficial use. Proper SWM requires
separate collection of different wastes, called source-segregated waste
collection. Source-segregation is common in high-income regions of the world
such as Europe, North America and Japan, where infrastructure exists to
transport separate streams of waste. In India, where most of the low-income
countries have centralized municipal systems that collect solid waste in mixed
form, there is no source-separated collection system. Source-separated
collection of waste is limited by infrastructure, personnel and public awareness.
A significant amount of paper is collected from source-separated form, Laknak
Gharral formal. Mitrovica and other major cities in India collect 70-90% of
MSW. Smaller cities and towns collect less than 50 percent.
Solid Waste Management Sector in India:
Municipal solid waste (MSW)
management is one of the most neglected areas of urban development in India. In
India, the intensity and density of urban population is increasing rapidly and
as a result, urban institutions are required to provide adequate services such
as water, electricity, roads, schools and public sanitation, which are managed
by Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM). Min is facing a lot of
difficulties. Municipal agencies spend about 5-25% of their budget on MSWM.
Despite such huge costs, the current level of service from many urban areas is
so low that it poses a threat to public health in particular and environmental
quality in general. Many steps are being taken to improve the situation. An
estimated 115,000 tonnes of solid waste is generated in the country every day.
Annual growth is about 5 percent per year. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) spend
about Rs. 500 to Rs. 1,500 per tonne on collection, transportation, treatment
and disposal of solid waste. However, hardly any money is spent on scientific
disposal of waste. According to an estimate, the solid waste generated by
small, medium and large cities and towns in India is 0.1 kg, 0.3-0.4 kg and 0.5
kg per capita respectively. Studies conducted by the National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) show that per capita generation rates
increase with city size and vary by 0.3 to 0.6 kg per day in metropolitan
areas. , with values ranging up to 0.5 kg per person per day. Sing the record.
The annual increase in per capita waste generation is estimated to be about
1.33 percent per annum. According to the Indian Institute of India, Solid Waste
Management (SWM) falls under the purview of state governments. These activities
are delegated to Urban Local Bodies by State Legislation. In most Indian
cities, MSW collection, segregation, transportation, processing and disposal
are regulated by the respective municipal corporations and state governments.
Private Sector Participation in SWM:
In some cities such as Mumbai,
Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Hadrabad, Ahmedabad and Garza Mint, garbage disposal
is done through Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). The primary sector has been
involved in door-to-door collection of solid waste, sanitation to a limited
extent, secondary storage and transportation, and treatment and disposal of
garbage. Some private firms are carrying out Integrated Municipal Solid Waste
Management (IMSWM) which includes collection, segregation and transportation,
treatment, composting, biomethanation, waste fuel, and final disposal. However,
serious barriers to private sector participation in urban infrastructure are
the lack of financial support for ULBs, except for minorities. The urban sector
is seen as a high-risk sector and is also institutionalized due to the large number
of actors involved in service delivery. Further, there is a lack of a
regulatory or regulatory enabling framework for PPPs, with few exceptions, and
a lack of bankable and financially viable projects considering the
opportunities and risks involved. Toll and user charges also need to be
rationalized. Current scenario of solid waste generation rate in India:
India is developing and so are
mountains of garbage in cities and villages. The composition of waste is also
witnessing a major change as the use of plastic and paper increases with the
rise of the middle class and consumer culture. A 2009 Comptroller and Auditor
General (CAG) report on waste management estimates that urban India generates
about 48 million tonnes of municipal solid waste (MSW) annually, which is 0.4
kg per capita per day. . In the same year, the Department of Economic Affairs
(DEA) estimated that approximately 58 million tons of waste were generated each
year. A 2012 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) statistical report on MSW put
the figure at 47 million tonnes for 2011-2012. A 2014 report by Planning
Commission Committee 2 chaired by K. Kasturengan found that 62 million tonnes
of MSW is generated every year, based on an average of 0.45 kg per capita per
month for India's urban population. Is. According to a recent CPCB report in
2016, India generates about 52 million tons of waste every year, or about 0.144
million tons per day2, of which about 23 million tons are processed and
transported to landfills or other disposal sites. Disposal is done using logic.
The problem with data on waste
generation in India is that all the data are compiled by the CPCB in 2004-05
for 59 cities (35 mtrs) and Nagpur-based National Environmental Engineering
Research Institute (NER). The values are derived from the report compiled with
the help of I). cities and 24 state capitals). This was the last report that
had real-time data and estimates of the country's waste disposal. Since then,
solid waste generation figures are calculated by multiplying the urban
population by the amount of waste generated per day per capita. This leads to
considerable overestimation of solid waste generation in the country resulting
in confusion for the management. However, what the estimates show is that big
and affluent cities produce more waste than poor cities. According to a 2008
joint paper by NEERI and CPCB, India's metros and cities, state capitals, Class
I cities, And on assessment of MSW management status in Class II cities
(reviewing over 59 cities in India), the per capita MSW in India is between
0.2-0.6 kg/day. In cities with a population of less than 0.1 million, the per
capita waste generation is about 0.17-0.5 kg. However, cities with a population
of more than 2 mills, particularly Mitravs and Class I cities like Delhi, have
per capita waste generation in the range of 0.22-0.62 kg. Papermen vary in
lifestyle, food habits, geographic distribution, employment of workers per
1,000 population, condition of roads, tools, equipment and missionary equipment
used, and religious conditions, which vary from city to city. Hinge, as
possible causes. According to a 2009 report by the Department of Economic
Affairs, per capita waste generation is increasing by about 1.3 percent
annually. Given that the urban population is growing at an annual rate of 3-3.5
percent, the annual increase in the total amount of solid waste comes to about
5 percent.
A 2012 study on solid waste
management in India by the Columba University analyzed the per capita waste
generation in the context of India's population growth. The study also
estimates per capita MSW, which will be extended to 2041 when it will be around
0.74 kg per person per day.6.5 in India. Effect of population growth on solid
waste generation:
Population:
India is the second most populous
country on the planet. The 2011 census estimates a population of 1.21 billion,
which is 17.66 percent of Dana's population. Is. This is equal to the combined
population of the United States, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
Japan. Uttar Pradesh has more population than Brazil, the fifth most populous
country in the world. India's urban population was 286 million in 2001 and
increased by 31.8 percent to 377 million in 2011. India's urban population is
larger than the total population of the United States (308.7 million), the
world's most populous nation. India's 366 cities representing 70% of its total
urban population generate 130,000 TPD or 47.2 million TPY at a per capita waste
generation rate of 500 grams per day. This means that the total MSW generated
by urban India could be as much as 188,500 TPD or 68.8 million TPY. This figure
is similar to the estimate of Sanlad Kumar, Vaghrba (65 million TPY in 2010).
Therefore, this report assumes that the amount of waste generated by urban
India is 68.8 million TPY. The general consensus on the amount of waste
generated by urban India is 50 mln TPY, which is much lower than the current
findings. The six metropolitan cities, Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai,
Hyderabad and Bangalore together produce 48,000 TPD (17.5 million TPY) of MSW.
Currently, in India. There are 53 cities with a population of more than 1
million, producing 86,245 TPD (31.5 mln TPY), which is about 46% of the total
population.
MSW born in urban India. Of the 313
cities producing 15.7 million TPY (43,000 TPD), which is 23% of the total urban
MSW, only 53 cities with a population of more than half a million produced it.
TERI (Energy Resources Institute, A 1998 study by the Tata Energy Research
Institute (formerly Tata Energy Research Institute) titled "Solid Waste
Management in India: Options and Opportunities" calculated the amount of
waste landfilled after independence in 1997. The landfill contained multiple
football field-sized mounds and reached 71,000 football fields of solid waste 9
meters high. Based on a business-as-usual (BAU) scenario of 91% landfill
filling, the study estimated that By 2001, waste generated will cover 240
square kilometers or half the area of Mumbai. By 2011, waste generated will
cover 380 square kilometers or about 220,000 football fields or 90% of Chennai.
, which is the fourth largest Indian city by area. By 2021, 590 sq. km will be
required for waste generation, which is more than the area of Hyderabad, the
largest Indian city by area (583 sq. km). 18) (19). A Position Paper on the
Solid Waste Management Sector published by the Ministry of Finance in 2009
estimated the need for more than 1400 square kilometers of land for solid waste
disposal by the end of 2047 if MSW is not properly managed. And it is equal.
From Rababad, Mumbai and Chennai area together.
Per capita generation of waste in Indian cities:
The quantity and nature of waste
generated in an urban area generally depends on its population, area, level of
economic activity and culture of the residents (K. N. Nair et al. 2004). The
per capita waste generation in Indian cities is between 0.2 kg and 0.6 kg per
day, which would generate about 1.15 million metric tons of waste per day and
42 million metric tons of waste per year. The average per capita waste
generation will increase as the city becomes denser (Asnani, 2006). Table 2
shows the relationship between per capita waste generation and population in
Indian cities. The average density of Indian MSW at the point of collection
varies from 400 to 600 kg/m3.
From the above analysis, it can be
concluded that with the increase in population and urbanization, the amount of
MSW increases dramatically.
has been and the structure is also changing. Therefore, necessary action
should be taken to reduce the waste either by disposal or by recycling it from
time to time. The changing pattern of waste composition emphasizes the
importance of segregation in the efficient operation of a waste management
facility. Another way is to organize an awareness program regarding the
generation of human waste and its effects on human health and sustainability.
Global warming Global warming and
depletion of the ozone layer
Earth's environment is facing a
double crisis that threatens the well-being of all living things on the planet.
Global warming and depletion of the ozone layer are two of the most important
environmental challenges of our time. The two phenomena are interconnected,
driven by human activity, and have far-reaching consequences.
1.1 What is global warming?
Global warming refers to the
long-term increase in the average surface temperature of the Earth due to the
accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. These gases, such as carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), trap heat from the sun
and prevent it from returning to space, creating the "greenhouse
effect." It happens.
1.2 Causes of Global Warming
The main drivers of global warming
are human activities, including:
1.2.1 Fossil Focal: Burning of fuels
for energy production and transportation releases large amounts of CO2 into the
atmosphere.
1.2.2 Deforestation: Clearing forests
for agriculture and urban development reduces the planet's ability to absorb
CO2.
1.2.3 Industrial processes:
Industrial activities produce greenhouse gases2, including methane and nitrous
oxides.
1.2.4 Agriculture: Banana cultivation
and rice cultivation emit methane, a potent greenhouse gas.
1.2.5 Land Use Changes: Changes in
land use, such as urbanization and land degradation, contribute to the increase
of greenhouse gases.
1.3 Consequences of Global Warming
Global warming has profound and
far-reaching effects on the environment and society, including:
1.3.1 Rising temperatures: Higher
temperatures can lead to heat waves, droughts and more frequent and intense
forest fires.
1.3.2 Melting ice and rising sea
levels: Due to a warming climate, the melting of the gular, polar and polar ice
caps, resulting in Soils cause sea level rise, which threatens coastal
communities.
1.3.3 Ocean Acidification: Rising atmospheric
CO2 levels lead to more absorption of CO2 by the oceans, leading to ocean
acidification, which threatens marine ecosystems.
1.3.4 Extreme weather events: Global
warming is associated with an increase in the frequency and intensity of
extreme weather events, such as hurricanes and typhoons.
1.3.5 Sudden loss of biodiversity:
Many species are endangered due to changing climate conditions and habitat
loss.
2.1 What is the ozone layer?
The ozone layer is a region of the
Earth's stratosphere that has a relatively high concentration of ozone (O3)
molecules. It is located about 10 to 30 km2 above the Earth's surface and plays
an important role in protecting life on Earth by absorbing and filtering a
significant portion of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
2.2 Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion
Depletion of the ozone layer is
largely caused by man-made pollutants known as ozone-depleting substances
(ODS), including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halothanes, carbon tetrachloride,
and methyl Chloroform. These substances release chlorine and bromine atoms when
they break down in the stratosphere. These atoms trigger the destruction of
ozone molecules.
2.3 Consequences of Ozone Layer
Depletion
Ozone depletion has far-reaching
consequences for the environment and human health, including:
3.1 Increase in UV radiation: As the
ozone layer thins, more harmful UV rays reach the surface of the Earth, leading
to higher rates of skin cancer, death and other health problems.
.3.2 Effect on Ecosystems: UV
radiation can damage terrestrial and marine ecosystems, affecting plant and
animal life.
2.3.3 Climate Change: Ozone depletion
can affect atmospheric circulation and have some indirect effects on climate
patterns.
Section 3: Interrelated effects of
global warming and ozone depletion
3.1 Clinical connection of two
phenomena
Although global warming and ozone
depletion are separate environmental problems, they are interconnected in
several ways:
3.1.1 Stratospheric Cooling:
Emissions of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere cause cooling of the
stratosphere, which can lead to the formation of polar stratospheric clouds.
These clouds provide a surface for the chemical reactions that lead to ozone
depletion.
3.1.2 Ozone-depleting substances:
Some ODS also have global warming potential. For example, CFCs are powerful
greenhouse gases.
3.1.3 Effects on Climate: Both global
warming and ozone depletion are expected to affect climate patterns, although
their structural effects are different.
Chapter 4: Mitigation of Global
Warming and Ozone Layer Depletion
4.1 Mitigation of Global Warming
A number of actions can be taken at
the local, national and global levels to combat global warming:
4.1.1 Transition to Renewable Energy:
Reducing dependence on fossil fuels and transitioning to renewable energy
sources, such as solar, wind, and hydropower, is critical.
4.1.2 Energy efficiency: Greenhouse
gas emissions can be significantly reduced by implementing energy-efficient
construction methods and practices in industry, transportation and buildings.
4.1.3 Afforestation and
reforestation: Protecting and restoring forests and planting new trees can
increase the CO2 absorption capacity of the environment.
4.1.4 Carbon capping: Implementing a
carbon capping mechanism, which a carbon tax or cap-and-trade system may
require to reduce emissions.
4.1.5 Sustainable Agriculture:
Promoting sustainable agricultural practices can reduce methane emissions and
increase carbon emissions.
4.2 Reducing Ozone Layer Depletion
Efforts to reverse the depletion of
the ozone layer have been relatively successful due to an international
agreement known as the Montreal Protocol.
4.2.1 Montreal Protocol: Adopted in
1987 This international agreement aims to phase out the production and use of
ozone depleting substances.
4.2.2 ODS Alternatives: Industries
have developed and adopted alternatives to ODS, namely hydrochlorofluorocarbons
(HCFCs) and hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which have less ozone-depleting
potential.
4.2.3 Ongoing Monitoring: Continuous
monitoring and verification of ozone layer recovery is essential to assess the
impact of the Montreal Protocol.
Section 5: Challenges and Future
Prospects
5.1 Challenges in Combating Global
Warming
5.1.1 Social and Economic
Constraints: The transition to sustainable energy sources and emissions
reductions face social and economic challenges, including vested interests in
the fossil fuel industry.
5.1.2 Global Cooperation: Achieving
meaningful global cooperation in combating climate change has been a constant
challenge, as nations have varying levels of commitment.
5.1.3 Technical Constraints: The
development and deployment of renewable energy technologies on a large scale
requires significant investment and innovation.
5.2 Challenges in Combating Ozone
Layer Depletion
5.2.1 Ongoing ODS emissions: Despite
the success of the Montreal Protocol, illegal production and trade of ODS still
occurs in some areas.
5.2.2 Inherent ODS: ODS can persist
in the atmosphere for decades, contributing to ozone depletion.
5.2.3 Restoration of the Ozone Layer:
Although there are signs of restoration, the timeline for full restoration of
the ozone layer is uncertain.
5.3 The Way Forward
Despite these challenges, there is
progress in mitigating global warming and combating the depletion of the ozone
layer. The following steps can guide us towards a more sustainable future3:
5.3.1 Education and Awareness:
Increasing public awareness of these issues is essential to spur individual and
collective action.
5.3.2 Policy and regulation:
Governments and international organizations want to create and enforce policies
to reduce emissions and eliminate harmful substances.
5.3.3 Technological Innovation: The
continuous realization and development of clean energy and ozone-friendly
technologies are critical to development.
5.3.4 Global cooperation:
International cooperation, like the Montreal Protocol, can serve as a model for
addressing other environmental challenges.
5.3.5 Personal responsibility:
Everyone can contribute by making sustainable choices in everyday life, such as
reducing energy consumption and supporting environmentally friendly practices.
Global warming and depletion of the
ozone layer are two of the most important environmental challenges facing
humanity today. Their findings, from extreme weather events and sea level rise
to increased UV radiation and health risks, emphasize the urgency of action.
The interconnected nature of these phenomena further emphasizes the need for a
holistic and integrated approach. By transitioning to clean energy sources, protecting
forests, and implementing the Montreal Protocol, international agreements, we
can reduce these risks and create a healthier, more sustainable world for
future generations. Can work. Now is the time to act.
Environmental Effects of Fireworks
Fireworks have long enthralled human
imagination with their spectacular explosions of color and light, creating an
awe-inspiring spectacle that marks countless celebrations, festivals and
celebrations. While fireworks can be flashy and fun, they are quite harmful to
the environment.
Air pollution
Famous for its spectacular display of
fireworks colors, Lucknow hides a cloud of air pollution behind its vibrant
beauty. Combustion of fireworks releases a cocktail of toxic compounds into the
atmosphere, including sulphur, heavy metals and particulate matter. These
emissions contribute to poor air quality and pose health risks to both humans
and the environment.
Particulate matter (PM)
One of the most important pollutants
emitted from fireworks is particulate matter (PM). These tiny particles, often
less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5), can penetrate deep into the
lungs and even enter the bloodstream. Studies show that exposure to PM from
fireworks can increase the risk of respiratory problems, including asthma, and
heart attacks.
Metals and kettles
Fireworks contain various metals and
gases that are released into the atmosphere upon ignition. For example, barium
compounds are used to produce green, and copper compounds are used to produce
blue. The release of these heavy metals can pollute the environment and harm
ecosystems. Strontium, a common component of fireworks, can contaminate soil
and water, affecting aquatic ecosystems.
Water pollution
In addition to air pollution,
fireworks can also have negative effects on water bodies, especially when
displays are held near streams, rivers or oceans. The fallout from fireworks,
including burned soot and metals, can contaminate these water sources and harm
aquatic habitats.
Heavy metals
Metals used in fireworks, such as
zinc, copper, and strontium, can find their way into water bodies when
fireworks are set off near them. These heavy metals can have toxic effects on
aquatic ecosystems, affect ecosystems, and can accumulate in the food chain and
pose a threat to human health.
Active pollution
The fireworks used to make fireworks
can also pollute water bodies. Some of these chemicals, known as perchlorates,
are known to disrupt the endocrine system of aquatic mammals and affect their
reproduction.
Effects on wildlife
Fireworks displays can be disturbing
and harmful to wildlife. Sudden and intense bursts of light as well as
deafening noise can disturb animals in a number of ways:
Birds: Fireworks can damage birds, causing them to crash into buildings
or other obstacles. Loud noises can also disturb their nesting and feeding
behavior.
Marine Life: Fireworks displays in coastal areas can disturb marine
life. Bright lights can disturb sea turtles and hatchlings, while noise can be
harmful to dolphins and other marine creatures that rely on echolocation.
Mammals: Wildlife on the ground, including mammals and reptiles, can
also be affected. Noise and brightness of light can cause stress and
disturbance in nocturnal behavior patterns.
Implications for human health
The environmental impact of fireworks
is not limited to nature. It also affects human health, especially during and
after fireworks. Some important health concerns include:
Respiratory problems: As mentioned earlier, the release of particulate
matter and particulate matter can exacerbate respiratory conditions, including
asthma, and increase the risk of respiratory infections.
Hearing Damage: Loud explosions from fireworks can cause temporary or
permanent hearing damage to those near the display, especially those involved
in the pyrotechnics industry.
Cardiovascular problems: Exposure to pollutants from fireworks can
aggravate heart conditions and increase the risk of heart and lung diseases.
Mental health: The sudden and unexpected nature of fireworks, especially
in urban areas, can cause anxiety and stress, especially in people with
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or sensory processing disorders. Yes.
Alternative and sustainable practices
Efforts are being made to reduce the
environmental impact of fireworks by finding alternatives and adopting
sustainable methods. Some alternatives and methods include:
Low-impact fireworks: Some companies are producing "green" or
low-impact fireworks that use fewer heavy metals and toxic chemicals, reducing
their environmental impact.
Leisure Shows: Laser light displays
are a visually stunning alternative to conventional fireworks, without the
noise, air and water pollution associated with pyrotechnics.
Electronic Fireworks: Electronic fireworks use LED lights and detailed
displays to create spectacular visual effects without the need for fireworks.
Noise reduction: Fireworks manufacturers are working on designs that
produce less noise, thereby reducing the impact on wildlife and human health.
Alternative celebrations: Kumwantzi and event organizers can consider
alternative forms of celebration, such as drone light shows, which are
eco-friendly and visually appealing. Fireworks have been an integral part of
celebrations for centuries, due to their spectacular displays. They are coming
to the environmental summit. The effects of fireworks on the environment
include air pollution, water pollution, damage to wildlife and potential health
risks to humans. However, awareness and innovation are driving efforts to make
fireworks more sustainable and less harmful. By finding alternatives and
adopting environmentally friendly practices, we can continue to enjoy
spectacular events while minimizing the environmental consequences of these
explosive displays. Balancing our desire to celebrate with our responsibility
to protect the environment is key to a brighter and more sustainable future for
all.
Management of celestial disasters.
Earthquakes, floods and storms
Disasters, whether natural or
man-made, have always been a major threat to human civilization. Of these,
earthquakes and floods stand out as the two most devastating natural disasters.
Earthquakes are the result of a sudden release of energy from the Earth's
crust, resulting in shaking of the Earth and, in some cases, tsunamis. On the
other hand, freezing can be caused by a variety of factors, including heavy
rain, snowmelt, and storm surges. Both types of disasters can cause
destruction, loss of life and economic disruption on a large scale.
Earthquakes and slabs
Before diving into disaster
management strategies, it is important to understand the nature and specificity
of earthquakes and landslides.
Earthquakes:
Earthquakes are caused by the sudden
movement of tectonic plates below the surface of the Earth. They cause the
ground to shake, which can cause buildings and structures to collapse. Coastal
areas do not get submerged.
Earthquakes often occur without
warning, which makes monitoring important.
syllables:
Floods can be caused by a variety of
causes, including heavy rainfall, snowmelt, storm surges, and dam failures.
Floods can develop gradually or occur suddenly, depending on the cause. Floods
cause damage to property and infrastructure. Flash floods, in particular, can
be extremely dangerous, occurring with little warning.
Disaster management for earthquakes
and landslides
Effective disaster management for
earthquakes and landslides requires a holistic approach to include business,
response and resilience. Here's a closer look at each of these steps:
I. Tarry
Taziri is the foundation of effective
disaster management. This includes the development of plans, the establishment
of early warning systems, and the training of personnel to enable a rapid and coordinated
response to a disaster.
A. Risk Identification:
Conducting comprehensive hazard
assessment to identify areas prone to earthquakes and landslides.
Mapping fault lines, slope gradients
and other hazards to identify potential impact zones.
Using historical data to understand
the frequency and severity of past disasters across regions.
B. Early Warning System:
Installation of earthquake and flood
monitoring equipment to provide early warnings.
Establish and maintain communication
networks to disseminate warnings to the public.
Conduct regular exercises to ensure
that warning systems are active and that people know how to respond.
C. Contingency Plans:
Developing and regularly updating
disaster response plans at local, regional and national levels.
Identify evacuation routes and
establish emergency shelters.
Explain the roles and
responsibilities of emergency personnel, including first responders and
volunteers.
D. Public Awareness:
Conduct public awareness campaigns to
inform the public about the dangers of earthquakes and landslides.
Teaching people to pack emergency
kits for family safety. Plan, and stay informed during disasters.
Incorporating Mung Kumwantzik into
Tanri's disaster response activities to foster a culture of resilience.
The response phase comes into play when a disaster occurs. Effective
response measures can significantly reduce casualties and minimize damage.
A. Search and Rescue:
Mobilization of search and rescue
teams to locate and assist survivors trapped in collapsed buildings or slushy
water.
Coordinating with international aid
agencies for additional resources as needed.
B. Medical Care:
Establishment of field hospitals and
medical treatment centers for the care of the wounded.
Provision of medical supplies,
personnel and equipment. to create.
C. Withdrawal:
Evacuation of people from danger
areas to safe places or emergency shelters.
Coordinating transport and logistics
for the movement of the affected population.
D. Distribution of aid and
assistance:
Providing food, clean water, and
essential supplies to affected communities.
Managing the distribution of aid to
prevent hoarding and ensure equal access.
E. Maintenance of Services:
Restoring essential services such as
electricity, water and telecommunications.
Clearing roads and built structures
to facilitate rescue and relief operations.
F. Communication:
Maintain effective communication with
disaster affected communities.
Providing regular updates and
guidance to help people cope with post-disaster situations.
III flexibility
Resilience is a long-term aspect of
disaster management, focusing on the ability of communities and infrastructure
to withstand and recover from earthquakes and floods.
A. Building Codes and Time-Use
Planning:
Enact and enforce strict building codes
to ensure that structures can withstand seismic activity and loads.
Regulating land use in high risk
areas to reduce risk.
B. Structural Flexibility:
Re-wiring of critical infrastructure
such as bridges and dams to withstand earthquakes and landslides.
Installation of flood protection
systems in flood-prone areas, including levees and flood walls.
C. Communication Flexibility:
Supporting disaster risk reduction
measures based on co-occurrence. Promoting disaster-resistant housing design
and construction practices. Encouraging insurance and financing mechanisms to
support rehabilitation.
D. Learning and Realization:
Investing in real estate and
resilience to improve disaster preparedness and response.
Promote disaster risk reduction and
preparedness training programs.
E. International Cooperation:
Collaborate with neighboring
countries to deal with transboundary disaster risks, such as tsunamis or
landslides in shared river basins.
Leap disaster management of
earthquakes and landslides is a multifaceted effort that requires a focus on
comprehensive planning, a well-coordinated response, and long-term resilience.
By identifying risk areas, implementing early warning systems, and developing
effective response plans, Comorentz can reduce the impact of these catastrophic
events. Additionally, resilience-building measures, including better
infrastructure and community planning, can contribute to a safer and more
secure future. It is imperative that governments, organizations and individuals
work together to build a more resilient world, able to withstand the challenges
posed by earthquakes and landslides.
Human Rights
Human rights have emerged as a
hallmark of modern civilization, representing a collective commitment to
dignity, equality and justice for all. These universal rights are the threads
that run through our global tapestry, transcending borders and cultures.
Part I: The Evolution of Human Rights
Ancient roots.
A brief overview of early conceptions
of human rights, from the Code of Hammurabi to the ancient civilizations of
Greece and Rome.
Roshan Halli's era
How the era of Roshan Kharli in the
17th and 18th centuries laid the foundation for modern human rights by
promoting individual freedom and equality.
The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights
A detailed examination of the 1948
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, its drafting process, and its role in
shaping contemporary human rights debates.
Part II: Fundamental Principles of
Human Rights
Inherent dignity
Focusing on its philosophical and
ethical implications, discussing the inherent dignity of all human beings as a
human right.
Equality and non-discrimination
Exploring the principle of equality,
its legal manifestations, and its ongoing challenges to gender, race, and other
forms of discrimination.
Freedom and liberty
To analyze the freedoms of speech,
religion and expression as well as the limitations and obligations that
accompany them.
Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
Discuss the importance of
universalizing access to education, health care and a decent quality of life as
essential components of human rights.
Civil and Political Rights
A comprehensive overview of civil and
political rights, including the right to life, liberty, and a fair trial.
Right to privacy
To understand the concept of property
rights and its implications for human rights.
Part III: Contemporary Human Rights
Challenges
The global refugee crisis
Throughout the day, we reviewed the
plight of refugees, the legal framework for their protection, and the
challenges they face.
Human trafficking
An in-depth look at human
trafficking, its underlying causes, and efforts to combat this modern form of
slavery.
Terrorism and National Security
The tension between national security
and the protection of individual rights in the context of counter-terrorism
measures.
Cybersecurity and online privacy
Discuss the emerging challenges posed
by data technology and the need to balance security with online privacy
protection.
Climate change and environmental
rights
An analysis of the interplay between
environmental change, environmental degradation, and human rights, with a focus
on weak communism.
Part IV: Role of International
Organisations
The United Nations and Human Rights
Examining the role of the United
Nations in the promotion and protection of human rights, including the work of
United Nations agencies, treaties, and special representatives.
Regional human rights systems
A review of regional institutions
such as the European Court of Human Rights, Bin Amri, Kamin, Human Rights, and
Afriyim Court of Human and People's Rights.
Part V: Promotion and Protection of
Human Rights
Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
The role of NGOs in advocating for
human rights, documenting abuses, and holding governments and corporations
accountable.
Human rights defenders
The importance of individuals and
groups who risk their lives to protect and promote human rights in hostile
environments.
Education and awareness
Education has an important role in
creating awareness about human rights and promoting a culture of respect for
these rights.
Part VI: The Future of Human Rights
Technological development
Discussing how emerging technologies,
such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and surveillance, will affect
the human rights landscape.
Emerging Global Challenges
Analyzing the potential human rights
implications of future pandemics, AI ethics, and mass migration.
Ongoing struggle
Recognizing that the protection and
promotion of human rights is a perpetual struggle that requires constant
vigilance and determination.
In a day marked by diversity and
Padma Agi, we provide common ground for human rights. They act as a compass,
guiding our moral and legal framework as we navigate the challenges of the
present and the uncertain future. The pursuit of human rights is an ongoing
journey, requiring unwavering commitment to ensure that every person,
regardless of their circumstances, can live in dignity and realize their full
potential. . This 6,000-word essay attempts to provide a comprehensive overview
of human rights, their evolution, importance, challenges and the way forward,
emphasizing that the pursuit of human rights is a collective effort. It
transcends borders and unites us as a global community.
Women and child welfare
Welfare of women and children are important
components of welfare of any society. Ensuring the safety, health and
empowerment of women and children is not only a fundamental human right but
also a cornerstone of social progress and development.
Tariya context
The concept of maternal and child
welfare has been significantly commercialized over the centuries. In many
ancient societies, men, women and children were often marginalized and had
limited rights and protections. As societies developed, the need for the
welfare of women and children became increasingly apparent. The 19th and 20th
centuries were important milestones in the history of women's rights and child
protection. Women's suffrage movements, legal reforms and changing social
attitudes have played an important role in improving conditions for women.
An important moment in the history of
child welfare was the introduction of the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child (CRC) in 1989. The Convention established a range of
children's rights and established international standards for the protection
and well-being of children. The CRC plays an important role in the organization
of international initiatives and programs aimed at protecting the well-being of
children.
There has been a lot of progress in
the welfare of women. The circumcision rights movement, which gained momentum
in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, led to important legal and social
reforms. These reforms require women's voting rights, legal rights, and access
to education and employment opportunities that address these issues. However,
challenges persisted, including gender-based violence, pay gaps, and unequal
representation in leadership positions.
Contemporary Challenges
Although significant progress has
been made in promoting the well-being of women and children, numerous
challenges remain in the 21st century. Some of these challenges include:
Gender-based violence: Violence
against women is a widespread problem across the continent. This includes
domestic violence, sexual harassment, human trafficking, and harmful behavioral
patterns. The #MeToo movement has highlighted the extent of sexual harassment
in various industries.
Gender pay gap: The wage gap between
men and women persists, even in developed countries. This inequality can affect
women's economic independence and overall well-being.
Child Labor: Child labor remains a
problem in many parts of the country, depriving children of their childhood and
access to education.
Child Marriage: Child marriage is a
violation of children's rights and primarily affects girls, putting them at
risk of early pregnancy, health problems, and limited reproductive
opportunities.
Access to Education: Boys in many
regions face barriers to accessing quality education. This limits their
potential and perpetuates gender inequality.
Maternal Mortality: Maternal
mortality varies greatly by country and socioeconomic status. Improving
maternal health is important for both women's and children's well-being.
Human Trafficking: Child trafficking
remains a significant problem, with young children being forced into
prostitution, labor, or other forms of exploitation.
Policies and Programs
Governments, international
organizations and NGOs have implemented various policies and programs to
address these challenges and promote the welfare of women and children. Here
are some notable examples:
UNO, Russell Primary Education: Many
countries have launched programs to ensure that all children have access to
primary education. It helps to reduce child labor and empower children with
knowledge.
Maternal and child health care:
Various countries have invested in early health care services for pregnant
mothers and young children. This includes prenatal care, vaccinations, and access
to skilled birth attendants.
Legislation against child marriage:
Legal reforms and awareness campaigns have been effective in reducing child
marriage rates in some regions.
Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): In
the United States, VAWA has played an important role in combating domestic
violence and protecting the rights of women.
Women Empowerment Programs:
Microfinance initiatives, vocational training, and mentoring programs have
empowered women economically and socially.
International campaigns: Global
initiatives such as "HeForShe" and "UNiTE to End Violence
Against Women" aim to engage men in the fight for gender equality and end
violence against women.
Gender Equality Laws: Some countries
have enacted laws to promote gender equality in leadership positions, allowing
more women to participate in politics and agriculture.
Child Protection Services: Child
protection services exist in many countries to ensure the safety and well-being
of children. They investigate reports of child abuse and neglect and provide
assistance to families in need.
Challenges in implementing welfare
programs
Although there are many programs and
schemes to promote women's and children's well-being, there are several
challenges in their implementation:
Funding: Adequate funding is
essential to the success of welfare programs, but many initiatives suffer from
limited financial support.
Cultural and social norms: Deep
cultural and social norms can hinder efforts to tackle child marriage,
gender-based violence and other issues.
Political Will: The political will to
prioritize the welfare of women and children varies from country to country and
can be affected by changes in culture and preferences.
Data Collection and Monitoring:
Accurate data is essential to assess the impact of welfare programs. Many
regions struggle with data collection and monitoring.
Infrastructure and Access: In some
areas, lack of infrastructure and access to remote communities may hamper
service delivery.
Empowering women and children
Empowering women and children is
central to promoting their well-being. Empowerment can take different forms:
Education: Access to quality
education is the key to empowering both parents and children. It equips them
with the knowledge and skills needed to live independent, fulfilled lives.
Economic Empowerment: Economic
opportunities, including access to credit, job training, and business support,
can provide women with financial independence.
Legal Rights: Strengthening legal
rights and protections for women and children is essential to combating
gender-based violence and discrimination.
Health and Nutrition: Improving
access to health care, adequate nutrition, and maternal care is critical to the
well-being of both women and children.
Leadership and representation:
Encouraging women's participation in leadership roles and cropping processes
can promote a more equitable society.
Global initiatives
Several global initiatives are
dedicated to advancing the welfare of women and children:
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs):
Goal 5 of the SDGs focuses on achieving gender equality and empowering all
women and boys, while Goal 3 refers to good health and well-being.
UNICEF: The United Nations Children's
Fund works to protect children's rights and give them the best start in life.
UN Women: UN Women is dedicated to
gender equality and the empowerment of women worldwide.
World Health Organization (WHO): WHO
focuses on improving maternal and child health, among other health-related
issues. To End Violence Against Children: Global Partnership: This partnership
aims to end all forms of violence against children. Works to eliminate
The role of information technology in
environmental and human health
The 21st century is the century of information. Man has developed many
areas of the world to make life better and more comfortable. The advantages and
disadvantages of human inventions are equal. Therefore, it is important for
humans to be aware of the changes happening around them and to improve their
lives. Make Information technology refers to the modern means of technology to
produce, collect, analyze and communicate information captured by computers,
phones, internet and other devices. And it plays an important role in the
development of human health. The advancement of technology has changed the way
of human life. Information technology plays a major role in environmental
education and health care. It can be used in various other fields such as
business, economics, politics and culture. Today, many tools such as remote
sensing information systems, GIS, and the World Wide Web are used in
environmental and human health and have potential impacts. Advances in
computers, satellites and telecommunication equipment have completely
revolutionized all aspects of life as they provide up-to-date information on
various aspects of environment and health. Various technologies for
environmental and health care have been developed which are user friendly and
easy to understand. Information storage software helps to store data or
document to protect company records. A storage system that helps to store data
vault information such as user privileges, healthcare information technology
includes the technology and infrastructure to record, analyze, share and store
patient data. It can be used to store information. Information technology is
the process of studying or using computers to retrieve, store, and transmit
information. Infrastructure upgrades have a potential impact on the environment
and health care conditions compared to other related sectors. Internet services
and facilities such as geographic information systems (GIS), data transmitted
from satellites, etc., have made tremendous advances, which have greatly
impacted the environment and human health. Marketa has many software packages
designed for environmental and health care studies that are user-friendly.
Software such as MapInfo Professional, Global Mapra etc.
Remote sensing and GIS can be used in
environments where it provides log data that can be used to create maps and
graphic displays for analysis and presentation purposes. Supercomputers are
used to calculate weather and climate conditions. MRI scanning and other
scanning equipment used in healthcare are also compatible to work with the
computer. Technologies that are related to human health allow patients to
obtain detailed information about their mid-career. App websites are also
available which guide the patient regarding various health related information
like diet plan, medicines etc. Internet services are becoming a powerful tool
that helps to increase human knowledge and awareness of environmental issues.
With advances in technology, we can access and monitor environmental issues
from anywhere in the world. The major advantage of information technology is
that it has a highly developed infrastructure that can be used to access
scientific information about the environment. Today, various internet services
and websites are available that provide people with information about their
health care and identity. The government has also made great efforts in this
direction by using Tedra Madrison to provide patients with accurate information
about their health status on their computers or mobile phones.
GIS serves as a tool for both
environmental and health care as it plays an important role in resource mapping,
environmental protection, management and planning of these impacts. It also
helps in identifying areas affected by various diseases. A data management
system will also be used to store and retrieve data whenever needed. As an
environmental system, this data base is used for wildlife conservation, arid
land conservation, and agriculture. Databases are also available for storing
details of a patient's health care history. This data is used for other
purposes such as lab systems, patient satisfaction systems, patient
identification, billing and payment processing.
With the development of ecology,
there are some good and bad effects that are directly or indirectly affecting
the environment. With the facilities and services of the Internet, all
information related to the environment can now be found online, making it
easily accessible. It also provides up-to-date environmental information such
as weather, climate change, etc. Information technology helps in storing
detailed data which can be edited and modified as per requirement. It directly
contributes to environmental protection. GIS has a major role and function as
an effective tool for environmental studies. It helps in providing reliable and
verifiable information about forest cover and conservation. A number of modern
databases are available that provide information acquisition, processing,
storage and retrieval. The government has launched several programs, one of
which is the Environment Information System (ENVIS) - an information system
developed by the Ministry of Environment and Forests which is a web-enabled and
comprehensive portal that provides information about the environment. It has a
decentralized database network run by the Ministry of Environment, Forests and
Climate Change. The center also serves as a resource for information
collection, collection, storage and retrieval of specific articles. Another
initiative is UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), a program that
provides support and assistance to developing countries in implementing
environmental policies and practices. With this program, information technology
has played an important role in crop production. Remote sensing technology is
also being used to estimate the current changes in the environment that can be
used to predict future natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes,
earthquakes, etc.
Its role in health care
Information technology is being used
to improve health care while maintaining patient safety and maintaining a
healthy relationship between patients and health care providers. The most
effective form of healthcare prevention information technology is data and
patient record management. Instead of writing everything by hand, the hospital
now securely tracks patient records with all patient histories, medication charts
and identifications that they can read and share with different doctors. You
can also keep it in your data base. Electronic medical record (EMR) is used to
keep patient information and their safety reports. These electronic records are
replacing manual records, which is a game changer in the medical world. It
provides instant electronic access to a person and also supports the process of
health care delivery. Nursing informatics is an interdisciplinary study that
combines nursing with IT. Nurses using IT can spot medical errors more quickly
than the average person. Tebin also plays a role in various departments of the
Mid-Ason Hospital, Laboratories, Medical Records Department and Pharmacr.
Hospital information systems also cover various aspects such as inpatient and
outpatient billing, insurance, reimbursement procedures, and pharmacy.
Intranet, which is the hospital intranet, is based on TCP/IP protocol and is
accessible only to members of the organization, employees and authorized
accessees. This includes facilitating organizational development and knowledge
sharing. The first professional health care informatics organization was
founded in Germany, whose primary concern was to manage resource tools and
methods to improve the storage, retrieval, and management of information about
health care and biomedicine. Hung required. Health care patient information
systems have improved overall cost, quality, access and delivery. The use of
information technology in healthcare is growing rapidly and may rise to the top
in recent years.
IT tools used in the environment
1. National Management Information
System (NMIS)
NMIS is a data-rich compilation tool
based on assessment and environmental development projects. It can also be used
to gather scientific information and is used by scientists all over the world.
2. Environmental Information System
(ENVIS)
ENVIS was established in December
1982 by the Government of India after realizing the importance of environmental
information. The main purpose of this database is to provide information to all
the technologists across the country. ENVIS has also contracted with several
institutions and organizations to make the overall environmental program
meaningful. Several ENVIS centers have been established in recent years in association
with the focal point of the Ministry of Environment and Forests. Its primary
objective is to create storage repositories and research centers for
environmental science. 3. Geographic Information Systems
(GIS)
Geographical information systems are
basically used to capture, analyze and store data obtained from the
geographical position of the Earth's surface. It is a tool that maps
relationships, patterns and their associated trends. Geographic information
system datum mapping stores environmental spatial data, it can also be used to
analyze the data and plan a quick comparative approach to high risk areas. It
can also be used to generate graphical maps and models that can be called up
later for analysis and forecasting purposes. GIS plays an important role in
analysis and creation of quick abbreviations.
4. Remote sensing
This includes collecting information
through satellites that can be used to detect changes in the environment and
prevent natural disasters such as floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, etc. before
they occur. Can attack the planet. Active sensors are used to scan objects,
which help us detect and absorb the radiation that is reflected from them.
Target sensors are usually mounted on top of satellites or aircraft,
which then record activity emitted from the surface over time.
5. World Wide Web (WWW)
The World Wide Web is a powerful
source of information on all social and economic aspects. All information about
the environment, its causes, hazards and control methods cannot be obtained
from the World Wide Web.
6. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
Computer-aided design is used to
accurately create photosimulators that are required for environmental impact
reporting. It also helps to reduce negative impacts of planning and development
which can be measured in terms of carbon footprint, energy consumption and
water impact.
7. Building Information Modeling
(BIM)
BIM is not only a design support
tool, but also a revolution in design thinking and management. All building
information models are typically files that can be extracted or exchanged from
M to support subsequent cropping. This software is currently being used by
various individuals, businesses and organizations for planning, designing and
building physical infrastructure. It is a simulated tick bait that has made
environmental protection possible.
8. Satellite positioning
Satellites are used to monitor
climate change because they monitor atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases such as aerosols, water vapor, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and
methane. It can also be used to monitor changes and help protect our ecosystems
and promote responsible use of natural resources. It helps us monitor the
health of our forest. Kadhamaa conducts an annual crop inventory that uses
satellite imagery to better support farmers.
IT tools used in healthcare
1. Electromagnetic Medical Record
(EMR)
The EMR provides real-time access to
patient information such as medical status, medications, identification,
patient care, and patient information that will be critical to patient care. It
is used by general surgeons, gynecologists and all physicians. With every item
documented online, it's easy to access any item at any time without the hassle
of manually maintaining all the documents. All health information is collected
and managed by authorized physicians and staff. Medical information about the
patient is stored on the computer, after which multiple therapists can access
the patient's history, medications, and more from a single screen.
2. Medical cropping system
It is a support system designed to
provide clinical sequencing support (CDS) for physicians and occupational
health care professionals who can assist them in sequencing tasks. It also
provides computerized reminders to patients and post-professional expertise
that contributes to maintaining clinical workflow. This is important because it
provides timely information to inform the clinicians and the patient about
healthcare operations management and other planning support systems. The
benefit of supporting a medical crop is that we can access all the information
in one place, which reduces the risk of medication errors.
3. Computerized Physician Order Entry
(CPOE)
It is also called Computerized
Provider Order Management (CPOM). It is identified as a built-in component to
improve health care delivery. It is a process that provides medical
practitioners with treatment instructions.
Specialist guidance is provided to patients. These orders are sent to
and from Computer Nutworks. All of this information is shared with the medical
staff and organization that is responsible for fulfilling all of these orders.
3. Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)
It is also called Computerized
Supplier Order Management (CPOM). It is identified as a structural component to
improve health care delivery. It is a process that provides medical
practitioners with treatment instructions.
Specialist guidance is provided to patients. These orders are sent to
and from Computer Nutworks. All this information is shared with the medical
staff and organization responsible for fulfilling all these orders.
4. E-Prescription
It is a computerized process of
filling, transferring and filling a patient's prescription. This communication
takes place between the doctor, the patient and the pharmacy through which the
prescription is dispensed. It also provides error-free and accurate
prescription. The most important benefit is that these prescriptions or
medications can be delivered to caregivers and patients. Nowadays it is gaining
immense popularity and growing rapidly. MDToolbox-Rx is a certified,
award-winning complete electronic prescription writer that can run standalone
or integrate with other office software.
5. Health care information technology
It is a computer information exchange
tool that shares patient health information between health care providers.
Information being exchanged should be kept safe and secure. In addition, trust
and permission play an important role in such exchanges. All information must
be confidential to health care providers.
6. Personal Health Record (PHR)
It is an individual patient or user
who manages and manages an individual patient. It is a robust patient data
repository that combines data, knowledge and software tools that help patients
become active participants in their own care. A PHR represents a repository of
patient data and includes minute-capturing support capabilities that can help
patients manage their chronic conditions. There are two main types of PHR which
are stand alone PHR and connected PHR hook. The benefit is tracking and
accessing health care records and your progress.
7. Remote Push Monitoring (RPM)
RPM is an innovative technology that
monitors patients in the clinic or out-of-hospital to increase access to health
care and reduce their health care costs. All of this maintenance is provided at
NetWork through team communication.
8. Tagatal Health /Tent Medicine
It is a health care technology that
provides health related services with the help of computer and telecommunication
technology. It helps in communicating with long distance patients who cannot
travel from such distant places. TE-Health is different from TNA mid-care in
that it refers to remote health care services rather than TE-mid-care. Taker
Health provides non-medical services such as periodic administrative meetings
and continuing medical education. It includes video conferencing, remote
monitoring, storing and forwarding images, etc.
9. Clinical Data Processing (CDP)
Clinical data processing or data
management is the process of collecting, integrating, and analyzing data in an
appropriate format and meaningful way. This minute involves monitoring the
patient continuously or intermittently. The ultimate goal here is to make sure
that the conclusions drawn from the analysis are supported by the data. This
will help to protect public health and ensure confidence in health care.
10. Health Information Engagement
(HIE)
It is an electronic device that is
used to manage data related to health care, such as medical facilities, health
information management. I laughed too. It allows doctors, nurses, healthcare
providers to securely access patient information. It also makes it possible to
transfer patient information to different healthcare institutions. Health
Information uses English Health IT. Arizona's health CIO shared the news about
how health information sharing is helping to serve participants during the
COVID-19 pandemic. HIE reduces duplicate treatments or tests and also avoids
costly errors.